Process Variation Aware DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) Design Using Block-Based Adaptive Body Biasing Algorithm

Large dense structures like DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memory) are particularly susceptible to process variation, which can lead to variable latencies in different memory arrays. However, very little work exists on variation studies in DRAMs. This is due to the fact that DRAMs were traditionally placed off-chip and their latency changes due to process variation did not impact the overall processor performance. However, emerging technology trends like three-dimensional integration, use of sophisticated memory controllers, and continued scaling of technology node, substantially reduce DRAM access latency. Hence, future technology nodes will see widespread adoption of embedded DRAMs. This makes process variation a critical upcoming challenge in DRAMs that must be addressed in current and forthcoming technology generations. In this paper, techniques for modeling the effect of random, as well as spatial variation, in large DRAM array structures are presented. Sensitivity-based gate level process variation models combined with statistical timing analysis are used to estimate the impact of process variation on the DRAM performance and leakage power. A simulated annealing-based Vth assignment algorithm using adaptive body biasing is proposed in this thesis to improve the yield of DRAM structures. By applying the algorithm on a 1GB DRAM array, an average of 14.66% improvement in the DRAM yield is obtained

Destination Branding Kabupaten Majalengka Oleh Dinas Pariwisata Dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Majalengka

In dealing with tourism issues such as the development of destinations that are not yet optimal, management of the tourism industry that is not yet optimal, as well as tourism resources that have not been integrated, it is necessary to do destination branding in Majalengka Regency. In addition, Majalengka Regency still does not have strong branding that can attract many foreign tourists to visit Majalengka Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the stages of destination branding carried out by the Department of Tourism and Culture of Majalengka Regency in the development of tourism in Majalengka Regency. The method used is a descriptive qualitative research method with a post-positivistic paradigm. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, literature study, and documentation study. The results of this study indicate that the Department of Tourism and Culture of Majalengka Regency carried out the stages of market investigation, analysis, and strategic recommendations by conducting research mapping market potential analysis through three sources, namely experts from academia as facilitators; potential attraction of natural tourist attractions that are already running and already have decent natural visitors, and scoring techniques. At the Brand identity development stage, Majalengka Regency does not yet have a tourism destination identity because it is still in the process. For the stage of brand launch and introduction using three ways, namely special events, media, and involving the community. At the stage of brand implementation by making programs and tourism activities that involve pentahelix. And for the stages of monitoring, evaluation, and review related to the development of tourism destinations and statistical data of tourists visiting Majalengka Regency. Keywords: Destination Branding; Development; Tourism; Traveler; Majalengka Regency  Abstrak Dalam menghadapi permasalahan kepariwisataan seperti pengembangan destinasi yang belum optimal, pengelolaan industri pariwisata yang belum optimal, serta SDM Pariwisata yang belum terintegrasi perlu dilakukan destination branding di Kabupaten Majalengka. Selain itu Kabupaten Majalengka pun masih belum memiliki branding kuat yang dapat menarik banyak minat wisatawan luar untuk berkunjung ke Kabupaten Majalengka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tahapan destination branding yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Majalengka dalam pengembangan pariwisata di Kabupaten Majalengka. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan paradigma post-positivistik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, studi pustaka, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Majalengka melakukan tahapan market investigation, analysis, and strategic recommendations dengan melakukan riset pemetaan analisis potensi pasar melalui tiga sumber yaitu tenaga ahli dari akademisi sebagai fasilitator; potensi daya tarik objek wisata yang secara alami sudah berjalan dan sudah memiliki pengunjung alami yang lumayan, dan teknik skoring. Pada tahap Brand identity development, Kabupaten Majalengka belum memiliki identitas destinasi pariwisata dikarenakan masih dalam proses. Untuk tahapan brand launch and introduction menggunakan tiga cara yaitu special event, media, dan melibatkan komunitas. Pada tahapan brand implementation dengan membuat program serta kegiatan pariwisata yang melibatkan pentahelix. Dan untuk tahapan monitoring, evaluation, and review terkait dengan perkembangan destinasi pariwisata dan data statistik wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Kabupaten Majalengka. Kata Kunci: Destination  Branding; Pengembangan; Pariwisata; Wisatawan; Kabupaten Majalengk

Combined Forward-Backward Asymmetry Measurements in Top-Antitop Quark Production at the Tevatron

The CDF and D0 experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron have measured the asymmetry between yields of forward- and backward-produced top and antitop quarks based on their rapidity difference and the asymmetry between their decay leptons. These measurements use the full data sets collected in proton-antiproton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt s =1.96$ TeV. We report the results of combinations of the inclusive asymmetries and their differential dependencies on relevant kinematic quantities. The combined inclusive asymmetry is $A_{\mathrm{FB}}^{t\bar{t}} = 0.128 \pm 0.025$. The combined inclusive and differential asymmetries are consistent with recent standard model predictions

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

Abstract: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era

Using Adaptive Body Biasing for Robust Process Variation Aware DRAM Design

Large dense structures like DRAMs are particularly susceptible to process variation, which can lead to variable latencies in different memory arrays. However, very little work exists on variation studies in the DRAM as DRAMs were traditionally placed off-chip limiting their latency impact on the overall processor performance. However, emerging technology trends like three dimensional integration, sophisticated memory controllers substantially reduces DRAM access latency. This makes process variation a critical upcoming challenge in DRAMs that must be addressed in current and forthcoming technology generations. In this paper, we propose a unique adaptive body biasing algorithm for designing large DRAMs robust to process variation. WE propose a hierarchical and computationally efficient framework by combining cell level Hspice models with sensitivity based models for statistical timing analysis. We report an average of 14.66% improvement in the DRAM yield on 1GB DRAM array. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first technique to model the impact of process variation on large scale DRAM arrays. Copyright © 2013 American Scientific Publishers

Transmission of B.1.617.2 Delta variant between vaccinated healthcare workers

AbstractBreakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant have been reported in doubly-vaccinated recipients and as re-infections. Studies of viral spread within hospital settings have highlighted the potential for transmission between doubly-vaccinated patients and health care workers and have highlighted the benefits of high-grade respiratory protection for health care workers. However the extent to which vaccination is preventative of viral spread in health care settings is less well studied. Here, we analysed data from 118 vaccinated health care workers (HCW) across two hospitals in India, constructing two probable transmission networks involving six HCWs in Hospital A and eight HCWs in Hospital B from epidemiological and virus genome sequence data, using a suite of computational approaches. A maximum likelihood reconstruction of transmission involving known cases of infection suggests a high probability that doubly vaccinated HCWs transmitted SARS-CoV-2 between each other and highlights potential cases of virus transmission between individuals who had received two doses of vaccine. Our findings show firstly that vaccination may reduce rates of transmission, supporting the need for ongoing infection control measures even in highly vaccinated populations, and secondly we have described a novel approach to identifying transmissions that is scalable and rapid, without the need for an infection control infrastructure.</jats:p